Advancement in drug delivery systems with different techniques have developed which controlled the rate of drug delivery, sustaining the duration of therapeutic activity and targeting the delivery of a drug to a cell/tissue. Niosomes are multilamellar or unilamellar vesicles capable of entrapping hydrophilic and hydrophobic solutes either in the aqueous layer or in vesicular membrane made of lipid materials. They are osmotically active, stable, biodegradable, biocompatible and non-immunogenic. Niosomes of Hesperidin were prepared by hand shaking method and ether injection method using cholesterol and various ratios of Span 80. The newly prepared Niosomes were evaluated for morphology, vesicle size determination, and percentage of drug encapsulation, drug leakage studies from vesicles, osmotic shock and in vitro release profile and came to conclusion to the point that Niosomes enhance the therapeutic effectiveness of Hesperidin, producing prolonged activity and simultaneously minimizing the side effects.

The aim of this study was to prepare fast disintegrating sublingual tablet of anti-vertigo drug Betahistine for the treatment of vertigo associated with meniere’s disease. The fast disintegrating sublingual tablets were prepared by different concentrations of super disintegranting agents such as sodium starch glycolate (1.5%, 2%, 2.5% and 3%), crospovidone (1.5%, 2%, 2.5% and 3%) and croscarmellose sodium (1.5%, 2%, 2.5% and 3%) by direct compression technique.The prepared formulation (F1-F12) were evaluated for pre and post formulation test such as hardness, friability, weight variation, thickness, drug content, wetting time, water absorption ratio, disintegration time (DT) and in vitro drug release studies. All the formulations were complying with the Pharmacopoeial standards. All the formulations passes both pre and post formulation test but failed in disintegration time as it showed more DT and there was no significant increase in the release of drug as increasing the polymer concentration as expected. But formulation F7 and F8 showed less DT (9 sec) when compared to other formulation and there was significant increase in the release of drug as increasing the polymer concentration, therefore formulation F7 and F8 were selected as best formulation compared to other formulation. F7 showed the maximum release of drug 98.65% CDR in 10 min when compare to F8 97.28% therefore formulation F7 was selected as the best formulation. This method was preferred due to its low cost, patient compliance, easy method of preparation and industrial benefits.

Nanoparticles are ultra-thin highly fine particles as having one structural measurement of less than 100nm, constructed them similar in size to sub cellular structures, including biological macromolecules or cell organelles thereby enable their organized inclusion into biological systems. Nanoparticles can innate activate immune systems and activate anti-cancer immune response. One of the top therapeutic methods in the treatment and diagnosis of cancer is nanotherapy. Most advanced progress has been made in the improvement of new agents in the treatment of cancer and novel drug delivery technologies. Nanocarriers have huge potential to enter tumour directly by provided that API in the tumor sites within specific time. Targeted Nanocarriers imaging particles give an innovative paradigm in cancer imaging teqniques which enables premature detection of cancer as well as handling monitoring at the molecular/cellular stage. In future, nanotechnology must achieve priority due to reduced side effects introducing new sources of nanoparticles.

Nanotechnology is a current development in science, engineering and technology conducted at the Nano scale up to 1 to 100 nanometers. Mainly this system is based upon nanoparticles, nanocarriers, magnetic nanoparticles. Nanotechnology is use in field of medicine for the treatment, diagnostic, monitoring, genetic engineering and drug delivery therapy. To overcome the difficulties of a gene and drug delivery, nanotechnology has expanded interest in current years. As per this technology have many advantages but also several disadvantages too. It has also great potential to bring benefits in several areas of research and applications. Here we discuss the methods involve in nanotechnology.

The living cells include plant and animal cells including the microbes. Nanomedicine is having wide range of applications from water microbiology, genome research etc. Nanotechnology is utilized after combining with different fields of engineering and biomedical streams. This may be natural or by utilizing the chemical or physical modifications of certain devices. Microbiological synthesis of nanomaterials by bacteria, yeast, molds, and microalgae are vastly studied now a days. The sensoristic and biomedical are combined with nanotechnology. Sensors enable detection of dangerous situations and indexes like total organic carbon, eco permanence, total radical concentration, integral toxicity etc. The sensoristic devices and therapeutic/diagnostic applications have been described. The nanoparticles are also prepared by using leaf extracts and adding them with some enzymes while combining them with some ions of interest. This green chemistry is becoming more and more popular to a large extent and used in various domains. Theranostics based nano therapy has a better improvement in cancer diagnostic studies. The technology uses living cells from molds, bacteria, plants, and yeast to synthesize the easily degradable products (white biotechnology) and tissue engineering. The review focuses on all the applications of novel nanotechnology methods laying more emphasis on the nanoparticles developed using different fields of science like microbiology and biotechnology.

The study aimed to formulate polyherbal shampoo and to evaluate and compare its physicochemical properties with the marketed synthetic and herbal shampoos. The herbal shampoo was formulated by adding the extracts of Aloe barbadensis leaves (Aloe vera), Phyllanthus emblica fruit (Amla), Azadirachta indica leaves (Neem) and Rosemarinus officinalis leaves (Rosemary in different proportions to a 10% aqueous gelatin solution. Small amount of methyl paraben was added as a preservative and pH was adjusted with citric acid. Several tests such as visual inspection, pH, wetting time, % of solid contents, foam volume and stability, dirt dispersion, were performed to determine the physicochemical properties of both prepared and marketed shampoos. These tests were done on commercial shampoos to compare the results with the formulated shampoos. Formulations 2 and 3 are better than formulation 1 in terms of PH and foam volume. Formulations 1 is better than both formulations 2 and 4 in terms of percentage of solid contents. All the formulated shampoos were the same in terms of colour, odour and foam type and they all had good foam retention. As for the marketed shampoos, Pantene and Himalaya shampoo, Himalaya shampoo was found better than Pantene in terms of pH and percentage of solid contents whereas Pantene is better than Himalaya shampoo in terms of foam volume. Both have similar colour, good odour, foam type, and good foam retention. The results indicated the formulated shampoo is having excellent conditioning performance, at par with commercially available shampoo. However, further research and development is required to improve its quality and safety.

Cubosomes are nanoparticle, more accurately nanosrtructure particles of a liquid crystalline phase with cubic crystallographic symmetry formed by the self assembly of amphiphilic or surfactants like molecule. This study is to investigate the potential of cubosomes as lipid nanocarrier to improve the controlled release of Repaglinide. Repaglinde is used for treatment of type 2 diabetes. Repaglinide cubosomes were prepared by Top down approach employing GMO as lipid phase vehicle, Poloxamer 407 as stabilizer and distilled water as aqueous phase. The resultant cubosomes dispersion were characterized by encapsulation efficiency, in-vitro drug release, particle size, zeta potential, FTIR and SEM. Best formulation (F3) showed a maximum drug release of 95.99 % in 12 hours, particle size of 91.26nm and zeta potential of -19.1mV. Repaglinide cubosomal Capsules were prepared by lyophilization of the cubosomal dispersion, and starch was used as diluent. The capsules were evaluated for drug content, weight variation and in-vitro drug release. Optimized capsule formulation (F3) contains starch showed a maximum drug release of 95.55% in 12 hrs. The ‘R2’ values of zero order plots were in range of 0.9853 to 0.9162 indicating drug release from most of the formulations was found to follows zero order kinetics.

Introduction/background: A pharmaceutical suspension is a thermodynamically unstable dosage form, a stabilizer or suspending agent is necessary be added to reduce the rate of settling and permits easy redispersion of any settled particles both by protective colloidal action and by increasing the consistency of the suspending medium. Aim: To compare the effectiveness of natural suspending agents in pharmaceutical suspension. Objective: Preparation and evaluation of suspensions separately to find out the effectiveness Abelmoschus culentus extract, Fenugreek extract, Tamarind seed extract, Gum of tragacanth, as suspending agent. Comparative study of all natural suspending agents with standard. Methodology: Mortar and pestle method was used to prepare zinc oxide suspension using tragacanth as suspending agent for standard suspension. Fenugreek seed powder, Tamarind Seed powder and ladies finger gum are used as suspending agents in zinc oxide suspension. Results: According to ANOVA, there was no statically significant variation of sedimentation parameters found between formulation A-1, B-1 and C-1 and the formulations containing tragacanth as suspending agent. Conclusion: In conclusion, from all above evaluation parameters it can be concluded that fenugreek seed powder and Tamarind seed powder used in concentration of 0.25% was proving as good suspending agent in the zinc oxide suspension.

Design of a controlled release formulation for a water soluble drug unstable at a high pH. A controlled oral delivery may be needed to achieve prolonged exposure or time based release for water - soluble drug under certain circumstances. It could offer advantages in improving efficacy, reducing side effect, or achieving a more desirable dose regimen. Ciprofloxacin HCl is a water soluble drug but it shows better solubility in biological fluids but not at high pH. Different formulations were prepared by varying the concentration of water soluble polymers by using direct compression method. The effect of varying concentration of hydrophilic polymers was studied on the release pattern of ciprofloxacin gastro retentive floating tablets.

In the present study we have discussed about the preformulation of Metformin hydrochloride (1, 1-dimethyl biguanide hydrochloride) for the various parameters like solubility, melting point, pH, bulk density, tapped density, car’s index, partition coefficient and drawn the calibration curve in the different solvent system in acidic and alkaline medium using ultraviolet spectroscopy. Infra-red spectroscopy also included in the preformulation study for the better identification of the drug and compared with the standard.