Leptadenia hastata is a leafy liana vegetable plant found in northern Nigeria. Its whole parts have been used in ethnomedicine to manage hypertension, diabetes, nasal congestion, skin infections and other diseases. Methanol and aqueous extracts of Leptadenia hastata were screened for the presence some metabolites while, chitosan nanoparticles loaded with Leptadenia hastata leaf extracts were tested against a fungus Aspergillus niger ATCC 11414 in vitro to determine the diameter zones of inhibition at concentrations of 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 8µg/mL using agar well diffusion. The results showed that the leaf extracts contained carbohydrates, flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins and cardiac glycosides while saponins were not detected. Nanoparticulate drug delivery of extracts and standard antifungal drug fluconazole showed that chitosan nanoparticle encapsulated drugs inhibited the growth of the fungus in concentration dependent fashion after 72h incubation. These results were significantly different from extracts and drug that were not encapsulated in chitosan nanoparticles. The study therefore showed that chitosan encapsulated antifungal agents displayed potent antimicrobial activity against Aspergillus niger ATCC 11414. Hence, nanoencapsulated Leptadenia hastata leaf extract possessed great antifungal activity against resistance Aspergillus nigerATCC 11414. Thus, our research revealed an alternate therapeutic measure against the fungus.

The present investigation revealed that Tamarindus kernels mucilageand guar gum,Ethyl cellulose and HPMC appears to be suitable for use as a release retarding agents in theformulation of sustained release matrix tablets is good swelling, good flow andsuitability for matrix formulation. From the dissolution study, it was concluded that Tamarinduskernals mucilage can be used as an excipient for making sustained release matrix tablets ofNicorandil. The formulated tablet was characterized by physical and chemical parameters, the in-vitro release of rate profile should the higher concentration of F2 polymer in tablet, the combination of hydrophilic and hydrophobic combination showed less result than use of alone.

Surfactants or surface active agents reduce the surface tension (interfacial tension) between a gas and a liquid or between two liquids or between a liquid and a solid. It consists two part. One part is hydrophilic in nature while the second portion is lipophilic in nature. The surfactants play a vital role in cosmetics, medicinal and textile processing. Here the, the natural surfactants, bio surfactants and synthetic surfactants are reviewed. Market available herbal face wash and their surfactants also discussed.

A dosage form has to be designed and formulated taking into account the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of all the drug substances and pharmaceutical ingredients that will be utilized. Using materials that are compatible with each other will result in drug products that are stable, effective, attractive, easy to administer, and safe. Product quality control and container packaging should contribute to the product's stability. Product labels should provide guidance on how to use the product and storage conditions should promote shelf life. Various methods for the preparation of dosage forms and drug delivery systems are discussed in subsequent chapters. A few general considerations are presented within this chapter concerning ingredients and drug product formulations and good manufacturing practices.

The proper style and formulation of a indefinite quantity form needs thought of the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of all of the drug substances and pharmaceutical ingredients to be utilized in fabricating the merchandise. The drug and pharmaceutical materials used should be compatible with each other to provide a drug product that's stable, efficacious, attractive, simple to administer and safe. The merchandise ought to be factory-made below applicable measures of internal control and packaged in containers that contribute to product stability. The merchandise ought to be tagged to push correct use and be hold on below conditions that contribute to most period. Ways for the preparation of specific styles of indefinite quantity forms and drug delivery systems area unit delineated in resulting chapters. This chapter presents some general issues concerning pharmaceutical Ingredients, drug product formulation, and standards permanently producing apply of emulsion.

The intention was to develop chromatographic method for the determination of antitubercular drugs in combinations in bulk and formulation using a chemometric approach. A validated reverse phase HPLC method has been developed for the simultaneous estimation of isoniazid and ethambutol in bulks and Pharmaceutical formulations. The chromatographic separation was carried out on Inertsil C18 (4.6 x 250mm, 5μm) column at ambient temperature (25^oC). The mobile phase containing 0.1 Molar ammonium-acetate buffer and acetonitrile in the ratio of 70: 30 at a flow rate of 1.0mL/min was used. The PDA detection was held at 255 nm (ISNZ) and 220nm (ETHAM). The retention time of isoniazid and ethambutol were found to be 2.272 and 3.285 minutes, accordingly. Method optimization was achieved using Box-Behnken design (DOE software), in which three key variables were examined for statistical analysis, namely, Flow rate, organic %, wavelength, pH. Retention times of respective drugs (R1 and R2) were taken as the response parameters. The actual and expected response values were very close. The developed HPLC method was validated by determining its sensitivity, selectivity, linearity, accuracy and precision. Isoniazid linearity was observed in the concentration range of 10-60μg/ml, while ethambutol linearity was identified in the range of 20-120μg/ml. The accuracy of the method was assessed by percentage recovery studies at three different levels at 50%, 100% and 150% of its working concentration. The mean recovery of Isoniazid and Ethambutol was found to be 100.07% and 100.09%, indicates the good accuracy of the method. This developed method can be used for the routine analysis for the estimation of isoniazid and ethambutol in pharmaceutical dosage forms.

Theaflavin is a flavonoid of low toxicity and multiple beneficial bioactivities. Published reviews all focused on the findings using eukaryotic cells, animal models, or epidemiological studies covering the pharmacokinetics, cancer chemoprevention, and drug interactions of theaflavin; however, no review is available on the various cancer effects of theaflavin. Theaflavins (TFs) are the dimers of a couple of epimerized catechins, which are specially formed during black tea fermentation. This review summarized various propertis of the theaflavin and its applications. The activity of TFs on anti-oxidation, anti-mutagenicity, hypolipidemic, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-viral effect as well as the epidemiological cure were sorted. Role of theaflavin in skin cancer is highlighted in this review.

The present study reports physicochemical characterization, anti-microbial activity and antianxiety activity of extracts from Terminalia catappa leaves collected from local region of Pusad and Digras, Maharashtra, India. Powdered drug were evaluated for physical parameters like ash values, extractive value, Loss on drying and solubility etc. By using Acetone and methanol as solvents extracts were obtained from Soxhlet method for extraction and subjected for preliminary physicochemical evaluation and antioxidant studies. Analysis of phenolic and flavonoids content were done. Preliminary phyto-chemical analysis confirmed the presence of primary and secondary metabolites like carbohydrate, proteins, alkaloids, phenolic compounds, saponins. Elevated plus maze model was used for evaluating in vivo Antianxiety activity of Terminalia catappa leaf by using diazepam as standard in rats. Significant to highly significant number of entries with time spent in P zone were shown by both the extract at 200mg/kg concⁿ. Due to might be presense of flavonoids Phenolic compound, steroid and proteins present in extract. Terminalia catappa leaf extracts possess Antianxiety activity from result it was cleared.

Remdesivir as a drug attracted a very severe consideration of complete Globe in treatment of the pandemic sickness COVID-19. Extra recently posted in-vitro inhibition hobby and in-vivo case research were showing promising clinical results and final results of powerful inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 virus through using remdesivir. However at the equal time, use of the remdesivir showed enormous detrimental detrimental events in patients which wishes a unique attention all through remedy route of COVID-19. As a result, the usage of remdesivir in treatment of COVID-19 is having present day international hobby even though a few greater scientific evidences are nevertheless important in order to recognize the actual performance and mechanism of remdesivir towards COVID-19. In this review, the literature look at highlight the modern-day ongoing studies related to use of remdesivir which includes (1) pharmacology of remdesivir (2) mechanism of action of remdesivir (3) in-vitro inhibition of remdesivir in opposition to SARS-CoV-2 virus, (4) in-vivo analysis and scientific use of remdesivir in opposition to COVID-19. Eventually viable unfavorable events are also mentioned thinking about the pharmacovigilance situation.

The buccal route of administration has a number of advantages including bypassing the gastrointestinal tract and the hepatic first pass effect. Buccal  Patches  are  the  type  of  drug  formulation  that  has normally a different course of administration through the buccal mucosa for drug delivery and the now days tablet dosage forms are supplanted by new drug delivery system because of problems like hepatic metabolism, GI toxicity and enzymatic degradation which leads to non-compliance and ineffective therapy. In present work the fast dissolving buccal patches of Amlodipine was prepared by solvent casting method using HPMC K4m, HPMC K100M and PVP and PEG 400 as plasticizer. The prepared patches were evaluated for weight, thickness, folding endurance, surface pH, in-vitro drug release and stability studies on optimized formulation. The in-vitro drug release was found to be up to 100% within 2 minutes. Thus, the fast dissolving buccal patch of Amlodipine was successfully formulated to achieve a safe, rapid and effective dosage form with enhanced drug dissolution and rapid antihypertensive therapy.